How Advertising Affects Our Society Essay - 1438 Words

What is advertising? It is the billion-dollar industry that is slowly taking over our lives as they try to sell us everything. Advertising is an ever expanding force that has impacted every part of our society, including what clothes you wear, what electronics you buy, and what candidate you should vote for. Advertising is everywhere and in everything. It doesn’t only sell us products anymore, but ideas and morals. Look at any political ad to see what morals society wants humans to have. Ads have become powerful enough that they influence who becomes the most powerful person in the free world. They play off our emotions to create a desired reaction to manipulate us into buying their product and ideas. The sad part is we know we are being manipulated, yet we buy the product or idea anyway. They are still an inescapable part of our society. The â€Å"Ford f-150† ad in the June 2016’s edition of North American Whitetail features a grey F-150 driving throw a large amount of dirty water. It is set against a background of grey cloudy sky with an overpass running throw the ad diagonally from the top left. In the top right in large capitalized orange outlined text it says â€Å"This is the Ford F-150 and every other truck in history† directly under that it gives some claims including weight, power, and gas mileage. Under this box it gives the ford website and the â€Å"Built Ford Tough† logo. At the bottom of the page in the right hand corner in small white text they clarify theirShow MoreRelatedHow Advertising Affects Society And Our Lives901 Words   |  4 Pages Advertising has recently become a hundred billion dollar industry that affects society and our lives . On the other hand, the question still remains whether or not advertisers should be allowed to use children, and women to promote their products? In my opinion, I think that advertisers should not be able to use children to promote their products because they’re being used as sex objects, exploited, and being created artificially. When it comes to advertising , children and adolescents are particularlyRead More How Advertising Affects Our Society Essay397 Words   |  2 PagesHow Advertising Affects Our Society   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Advertising is an important social phenomenon. It both stimulates consumption, economic activity models, life-styles and a certain value orientation. Consumers are confronted with substantial daily doses of advertising in multiple media. With the perpetual bombardment of marketing media, it is presumable that it will affect our individualism and society as a whole. This is an analytical approach to advertisings effects on the society.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  ConsumerRead MoreEssay on The Effects of Advertising on Society 1585 Words   |  7 PagesIn a society where malls have replaced parks, churches and community gatherings, many people no longer take time to meet their neighbors; people move frequently as though cities are products to be tried, like differing brands of shampoo. These unfortunate occurrences can be the result of many causes, one of them being advertising. Advertising is designed to foster a desire to purchase goods and services, yet it is much deeper than that—advertising is a system of effective manipulation that twistsRead MoreThe Degenerative Influence of Advertising on Society Essay1563 Words   |  7 PagesAdvertising is designed to foster a desire to purchase goods and services, yet it is much deeper than that—advertising is a system of effective manipulation that twists the mentalities of those subjected to it. It shapes people’s views of the world and warps their connec tions to each other. Therefore, advertising not only shapes their personal values but also distorts them until their principles no longer come from within them. Thus, in my opinion, advertising, unless deeply rooted in high ethicalRead MoreInfluence Of Advertisements On Society1530 Words   |  7 PagesUnited States since 1841. Advertisements influence society on what to buy. Advertisements lures society into buy their products. The basic role of advertisements is to provide people with basic information about a product. Companies hire celebrities to be in the advertisement in order to get more consumers to appeal to the advertisement. In Jean Kilbourne’s article, â€Å"Two Ways a Woman Can Get Hurt: Advertising and Violence,† she discusses ways how advertisements sexualize women and make them act aRead MoreAdvertisement as a Social Phenomenon953 Words   |  4 Pages Advertising is an important social phenomenon. Consumers are constantly confronted with advertiseme nts in our daily lives. Seeing as how advertising is such a large chunk of our daily lives, it can be assumed that it will have an affect on not only us as individuals but our society as a whole. My question is â€Å"Are the affects doing more harmful than helpful?† As you yourself are a part of the body of consumers, you should take an interest in this. Think about this for a second, have you ever watchedRead MoreEffects Of Advertising Essay1249 Words   |  5 Pagesof everything our eyes see. We live in a world where we contribute to the prominence of advertising; however, the effects upon us are unknown. Advertising can be seen in the majority of the world, it has gotten to the point in which people become almost completely oblivious to them. People see advertisement in stores, in billboards, television, and even their homes. It has come to the point where people believe they are not affected by these ads but that is not the case. Advertising has various effectsRead MoreE ssay about Two Ways a Woman Can Get Hurt by Jean Kilbourne1577 Words   |  7 Pagestime now, advertising has played a huge role in how we identify ourselves in the United States with the American culture, and how others identify themselves with all the cultures of the rest of the world as well. It guides us in making everyday decisions, such as what items we definitely need to invest our money on, how to dress in-vogue, and what mindset we should have to prosper the most. Although advertising does help make life easier for most, at the same time it has negative affects on the peopleRead MoreAdvertising Vs Society : Close Your Eyes Essay1550 Words   |  7 PagesZuà ±iga1 Angela Zuà ±iga Advertising Assignment #1 September 8th 2016 Advertising VS Society Close your eyes. Think about a single commercial or ad that has caught your eye, made you look back or think twice; that one ad that echoed its catch phrase incessantly, and stirred feelings inside you. As you start to remember the sound of that catchy tune playing in its background, what exactly did it make you feel or think? Now ask yourself this, why is it still lingering in your subconsciousRead MoreThe Negative Effects Of Advertising And Its Effects On Society885 Words   |  4 PagesProducers use advertisement to sale their products. Society are using advertis as the use of communication and get a lot of informations from them. According to the writer â€Å" ...advertising, like any form of mass communication, can be a force for both good and bad. .† There are different types of advertisement, some of these affect peoples life and some of improve people’s of life. Although some believe advertisements can be a bad impact of society, advertisements is a very b ig guide and information

Keynesian Views On Money Price Relationship Essay

2.4 Keynesian Views on Money-Price Relationship Keynes accepted the classical view that increase in money supply causes rising prices or inflation only when the aggregate output corresponds to full employment and aggregate supply curve is vertical. Keynes published an article entitled ‘How to Pay for the War’ in 1940, in which he developed a demand side model incorporating inflation process with temporarily rigid prices in the labor market. The primary concern of Keynes was to provide space for the necessary increase in output during war where the economy had already reached the full employment level. At full employment level, as aggregate demand increases it results in inflationary gap. This inflationary gap can be removed either by taxation or by saving in such a way that aggregate demand equals existing output (Skidelsky 2000, 84). Snowdon and Vane (2005) write â€Å"Keynes, in his ‘How to Pay for the War’ (1940), advocated wartime fiscal restraint. This pamphlet is described by Vines (2003, p. 343) as a ‘marvelous piece of applied economics’ even if his plan was only partially adopted (Keynes believed that an alternative system of universal rationing amounted to ‘Bolshevism’; see Skidelsky, 2000, p. 68). Keynes’s analysis involved comparing aggregate demand, including war expenditures, with potential aggregate supply. Keynes (see Skidelsky, 2000, p. 84) defined the ‘inflationary gap’ as ‘the amount of purchasing power which has to be withdrawn control as the most efficientShow MoreRelatedNeoclassical Theory Of Keynesian Theory1578 Words   |  7 PagesNeoclassical-Keynesian synthesis? In what way does it differ from the Cambridge (UK) view of Keynesian economics? Intro The Neoclassical-Keynesian synthesis contains theoretical principles and ideas from both the Neoclassical school of economic thought and Keynes’ General Theory. The UK Cambridge Post Keynesian view of economics also contains elements from both these schools, yet the Neoclassical Keynesian synthesis and the UK Cambridge Keynesian bodies of economic thought differ in their views, methodsRead MoreThe Conceptual Framework Of Quantity Theory Of Money Essay1112 Words   |  5 Pages2.2 Conceptual Framework of Quantity Theory of Money A number of frameworks have been introduced by the economists regarding the concept of Quantity Theory of Money. Ajuzie Immanuel, et.al. (2008) opines as â€Å"The concept of the Quantity Theory of Money (QTM) was introduced in the economic theory in the 16th century. Jean Boldin in his book reprinted in 1924 argued that the reasons for the rise in French prices were abundance of gold and silver, monopolies, scarcity, the pleasure of princes, and devaluationRead MoreEconomics : Classical Economics And Keynesian Economics1665 Words   |  7 Pageshead. I will attempt to highlight the key factors of the two theories of economics: classical economics and Keynesian economics. Since Classical Economics is considered to be the first school of economics. I will start to explain this concept first. In the 18th and 19th centuries, there was a group of economists that worked together to develop theories to explain how market to market relationship work between each other. The most important contributor to the classical school of economics was the greatRead MoreEssay on Keynesian Revolution1244 Words   |  5 PagesKeynesian Revolution Classical economic theory assumed that a ‘free-market’ economy is a ‘self regulating’ system that continually tends toward a full-employment equilibrium, with optimum economic benefits for everyone. Therefore, the best government economic policy is to ‘excuse itself’ and give utmost freedom to individual enterprise. A key element of the ‘Keynesian revolution’ was its demonstration that these basic assumptions are false, both in theory and practice, and its assertionRead MorePost-Keynesian Economic Essay1317 Words   |  6 Pages Post-Keynesian economic was formed and developed by economists such as Joan Robinson and Nicholas Kaldor who believed Keynesian economics was based on disequilibrium and uncertainty, and that challenges the general equilibrium assumptions of neo-classical theory. The main aim of post-Keynesian economics is to complete the unfinished Keynesian revolution. Post-Keynesian economists fundamentally used ideas from Keynes and his concept of effective demand, Marxist economist Michael Kalecki to provideRead MoreKayne vs Hayek1370 Words   |  6 PagesMacroeconomists study aggregated indicators such as GDP, unemployment rates, and price indices to understand how the whole economy functions. They develop models that explain the relationship between such factors as national income, output, consumption, unemployment, inflation, savings, investment, international trade and international finance. The two major theories of economics are Classical Economics and Keynesian Economics. Classical economists believe that markets function very well, will quicklyRead MoreKeynesian, Monetarist, Fiscal Policy, Unemployment, Inflation898 Words   |  4 PagesKeywords: Keynesian, Monetarist, Fiscal policy, Unemployment, Inflation The Keynesian-Monetarist Debate When looking from both side of the Keynesians and Monetarist argument, we notice that both sides are correct in different terms. How unemployment is resolved in a labor market is opposed on the Keynesian side. While the Monetarist looked at the quantity of money, which should be increasing at a constant rate. The Monetarist reduce the money supply, which reduces the spending’s and increases theRead MoreNew Classical Macroeconomics Arose From The Monetarism And Rational Expectation School Essay922 Words   |  4 Pagesallowed to play its role spontaneously, which could solve the unemployment, recession and a series of macroeconomic issues. Keynesian economists believe that changes in the money supply will lead to changes in effective demand that will changes in the total economy. For economic cycle fluctuation, Keynesian economists believe that is a disequilibrium phenomenon. In 1960s, Keynesian economists appealed to the Phillips curve, which means monetary or fiscal policy will lead to lower unemployment rate andRead MoreEssay Keynesian Economics1662 Words   |  7 Pages and the rate of inflation. It is distinct from microeconomics, which is the study of the composition of output such as the supply and demand for individual goods and services, the way they are traded in markets, and the pattern of their relative prices. At the basis of macroeconomics is an understanding of what constitutes national output, or national income, and the related concept of gross national product (GNP). The GNP is the total value of goods and services produced in an economy duringRead MoreEssay about Monetarist and New Classical theories1452 Words   |  6 Pagesstress on the velocity of money, which is defined as the number of times a dollar bill change hands, on average, during the course of a year. The velocity of money is the rates of nominal GDP to the stock of money, or V=GDP/M= (P x Y) (M. Alternately, M x V=P x Y). The New Classical model, firms are assumed to be perfectly aggressive â€Å"price takers†, with no control over the price. For instance, manufacturing firms, airlines, and many other firms can choose exactly what price to set, but they have no

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Outsourcing Business †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Advantages And Disadvantages Of Outsourcing Business. Answer: On the basis of the conducted research it has been concluded that the research depends on the advantages and disadvantages of outsourcing business. In the business corporations, the concept of outsourcing has brought a number of changes and that too a considerable level in the recent years. Nevertheless, in the present time, business entities have a propensity of dealing with the procedure of outsourced practices that could be maintained abstemiously low-ability practices and data focused services (Bryman and Bell, 2015). Apart from the fact that, outsourcing practices have been grabbed with the typical support and the developing of their negotiation has indisputably disagreed with some weight inside and outside associates. Nevertheless, it is also observed that expected improved two-way feature of supplier-consumers relations in the concept of outsourcing requires a focused reflection on its definition. The below presented analysis has been focused on the two given assessments and t he same has been presented as a reflective essay. Segmentation has been done for the essay and there are two major divisions which are made focused on the advantages and disadvantages of outsourcing business (Zikmund et al., 2013). The first part consists of the divisions which involves the creation of a clear understanding regarding the research methodologies which can be adopted by a business corporation. In this research the first part comprises of the analysis which has been conducted on the background. The analysis further consists of the description of the of the term outsourcing. The concept of outsourcing has been considered as a distinct experience for the business corporation (iek and Ozer, 2011). The term outsourcing can also be held responsible or referred as one of the significant tool which can be utilized by the business entity so as to attain the milestones of growth, business, and operational strategies. Further with the analysis it has also been concluded that the concept of outsourcing for the past years was considered as the offshore international sourcing which is executed by the business entities so as to develop amanagement in the expenses associated with manufacturing as well as to advance and update the performance of the firm. The presented report has been focusing on the process of outsourcing and also the advantages and disadvantages of the concept are also analyzed (Dolgui and Proth, 2013). Further, there was two hypothesis defined by the outsourcing practices in a particular business that showed a negative and positive impact of the practices. On the basis of the research and the analysis executed over the concept, I accessed some knowledge over the study and the same is required or can be utilized for the research techniques for offering a better perception of the process of outsourcing. This research comprised of the data which was collected from the primary and secondary sources. The main sources of data collection are the peer reviewed journals, reports and in case of collecting primary data the major source for study were results from IBM (Kang et al., 2012). Furthermore, number of data sources were included in this study such as sampling process, data analysis etc. By making use of thee sources and methodologies, I attained a sense of reliability and validity on the research mechanisms utilized in the study. But it has also been noted that the reliability of the research have some limitations in context of the primary analysis. Moreover, the research also lacks on some points such as a comparison of the studies which is required to be investigated for executing the outsourcing operations adopted by the business corporations. On the basis of the further analysis if executing additional research on the concept of the outsourcing and the associated practices outsourced to suppliers who have attained expertise in the specific areas (Hair, 2015). Such suppliers are making utilization of mechanisms and tools equipment for evaluating the results of the conducted analysis within a short period of time. And from all these analysis it can be inferred that with the assistance of this methodology, the business corporation will be aided in the business operations and will be focused and will efficiently in their core activities (Eriksson and Kovalainen, 2015). The concept will aid the entity in ignoring the othermanagement tasks as they can be done by the other related to the other outsourcing entities. And hence, this concept offers a sense of relief to the business corporation as now the focus will only be concentrated on their core objectives and goals. In addition, the other benefits of this process such as reduction in staffing cost, depletion in operational cost. Through this process the company can share the risk and it can also delegate the power and authorities. It will help to attain the long term goals and objectives of the firm. Through outsourcing process, the organization is able to share power and responsibilities with other minor outsourcing companies (Sreejesh, Mohapatra and Anusree, 2014). In this way, the company is able to gain long term advantages in the market across the world. After the various researchers, it has been evaluated that this process also helps to reduce and prevent the various mistakes and inaccuracy within the organization. This process also provides assistance to thehuman resource management in the company. It helps in recruitment, selection and performance appraisal process in order to hire potential and competent candidate in the organization. Now it has been analyzed that above mentioned report guided me to know and evaluate the merits and benefits of outsourcing process in the company. Along with this, it also explains the demerits of the outsourcing process. It reduces the efficiency and effectiveness of the company as well as employees (Wilson, 2014). As result it also reduces the profit and revenue of the firm. Further disadvantages of the outsourcing process include hidden cost and security threat etc. It also affects the productivity and performance of the employees. Further, various quality issues are faced by the company. Due to outsourcing process, the firm is able to maintain control on its business processes, procedures and policies. As a result, the firm has to bear major loss in the market. The organization is also not able to maintain confidentially in the organization due to ineffective outsourcing process. There is big gap between the capabilities and resources due to outsourcing process (Narayanan et al., 2011). Thus, it affects the growth and success of the company adversely. On the basis of the above conducted research it has been analyzed and concluded that according to these facts it has been noted that the business organization will be aiding with numerous advantages and disadvantages by making initiatives towards the concepts of outsourcing within their organizational structure and also in the operations and functionalities. And also the issues are analyzed and described which will be faced by the business entity after implementing the process of outsourcing. Whereas, if the implementation of the mentioned methodology has been done with a quality approach and done by a reputed company then there will be chances of low risk faced by the business entries. References Bryman, A. and Bell, E., 2015.Business research methods. Oxford University Press, USA. Zikmund, W.G., Babin, B.J., Carr, J.C. and Griffin, M., 2013.Business research methods. Cengage Learning. iek, I. and Ozer, B., 2011. The effect of outsourcing human resource on organizational performance: the role of organizational culture.International journal of business andmanagement studies,3(2), pp.131-144. Dolgui, A. and Proth, J.M., 2013. Outsourcing: definitions and analysis.International Journal of Production Research,51(23-24), pp.6769-6777. Kang, M., Wu, X., Hong, P. and Park, Y., 2012. Aligning organizational control practices with competitive outsourcing performance.Journal of Business Research,65(8), pp.1195-1201. Hair, J.F., 2015.Essentials of business research methods. ME Sharpe. Eriksson, P. and Kovalainen, A., 2015.Qualitative methods in business research: A practical guide to social research. Sage. Sreejesh, S., Mohapatra, S. and Anusree, M.R., 2014.Business research methods: An applied orientation. Springer. Wilson, J., 2014.Essentials of business research: A guide to doing your research project. Sage. Narayanan, S., Jayaraman, V., Luo, Y. and Swaminathan, J.M., 2011. The antecedents of process integration in business process outsourcing and its effect on firm performance.Journal of Operations Management,29(1), pp.3-16. Advantages and Disadvantages of Outsourcing Business – Free Samples Question: Discuss about the Advantages and Disadvantages of Outsourcing Business. Answer: Introduction: I have executed this research program on the topic Advantages and disadvantages of Outsourcing Business Function in Small Business. In this reflection, I have discussed the knowledge which I have gained by getting enrolled in this research program. I have also discussed the importance of the knowledge and skills gained for my future and for my professional life. This research has provided a quality experience to me. I have discussed the knowledge which I have developed regarding the research topic. In this research program, I have made discussion on the most common aspect of the business environment which is outsourcing business functions. While executing this research program, I have learned about the concept of outsourcing business environment and pros or cons of outsourcing business function. I have understood that the role and importance of outsourcing business function have increased with the change in the different factors of the business environment. Outsourcing can be defined as a delegation of the business environment to the other firm or external party and gets the task performed as per the agreed criterion. There are various factors which have resulted in rise in the number of companies opting outsourcing business function. These factors include a reduction in the cost, enhance the flexibility of business operations, and enhance the quality of the task or function outsourced and many more. I have gathered quality data for enhancing the knowledge of the different aspects of the research program. This knowledge which I have gained has provided clarity to my thoughts regarding the outsourcing business functions and its importance for small business. In this research program, I have gathered information related to advantages of outsourcing to business. These advantages of outsourcing business function include expertise in the function outsourced, enhancing the performance of the function outsourced, focus on the important functions of the business, reduction in the time and cost involved, reduction in the risks and reduces the efforts of the business. I have developed knowledge of various disadvantages of outsourcing business function. These disadvantages of outsourcing business functions include an increase in the risk to the confidentiality of the confidential data of the business, loss of control on the operations, hidden cost and delay in the work delegated. This research has enhanced my skills and knowledge regarding the topic of the research. The concept of outsourcing has gained much importance and I have analyzed that the number of businesses using outsourcing has increased. According to me, the learning process is an important aspect for one as it enhances the experience gained by an individual. I will apply the knowledge which I have developed during the execution process of this research for performing the tasks assigned to me with applying better approach. This experience gained while executing this research has acted as a base for the future knowledge. I have learned the manner in which I can conduct research programs. Learning process of this research has helped me in completing the research for meeting the objective of the course successfully. For the completion of the course, criteria of the research need to be met. For attaining the objectives of the program, I have analyzed the manner in which research programs are carried out. This course and program are crucial aspects of the future career and life as the knowledge gained can be applied in different aspects of the future career and life. As a professional, I will have to conduct market research activities or business research activities for gathering knowledge related to the task assigned to me. I will use this knowledge gained for attaining the goals of a future career in an enhanced manner. I have conducted this research by developing knowledge of the manner in which a business research is carried out. I have learned about the research topic as well as different methods or approaches which can be considered for collecting reliable and authentic data for the research. I have applied different methods or approaches for ensuring that I have conducted the research in most suitable manner. I have gathered data with the use of reliable sources. A questionnaire has been presented for gathering data related to the research program. I have analyzed various internet sources for presenting views of the different authors. This research program has contributed towards the development of my knowledge along with preparing me for better future opportunities. I would be able to take advantage of these opportunities on the basis of the knowledge which I have gained while executing the different activities of this research. This business research has encouraged me to learn different aspects which are required for completing the research program. I will use the skills for ensuring that the roles are being performed properly in future. Conclusion: In the assignment one and assignment two, I have conducted different activities. In the assignment one, I have presented information related to the research topic so as to execute the research successfully. I have collected data related to the research topic for ensuring that the objectives of the research are attained. I have formulated research objectives and research questions so as to guide the research program in the right direction. In the assignment two, I have discussed various methods or approaches which I have applied for gathering relevant data. Summary of the literature review has also been presented. The knowledge which I have gained will be used for attaining the objectives of the future role or career. This learning will ensure that the future roles are fulfilled and Im able to ensure that the proper methods are adopted for the attainment of the objective. Thus, it can be summarised from the above discussion that execution process of the research program has enhanced my knowledge by contributing to my skills. Knowledge which I have gained will help me in future in performing the roles and responsibilities assigned. This learning process has encouraged me for performing the future research programs in a better manner. I will use this knowledge gained for meeting the objectives set.

Cost management free essay sample

What factors led to the adoption of the COQ system? Why do you think the company chose to adopt a financial measure of quality? 1) Reasons of adoption of COQ system Competition : In the late 70’s, international competition led to focus on quality improvement. Their customer HP publicized a study that product of HP’s best American suppliers to be inferior to HP’s worst Japanese suppliers. Quality control ii essential for TI’s long-term competitive success. Customer satisfaction : Improving quality is considered by many to be the best way to enhance customer satisfaction. Cost saving and improve productivity : Improving quality is the best way to reduce manufacturing costs and to increase productivity. Bird-eye view : TI want to do their job right the first time. Their organizations treat strategic planning and quality improvement planning as an integrated activity. They want to find hidden quality costs and reduce hidden costs using COQ. 2. Evaluate the COQ variables adopted by the Materials Controls Division. Should they be changed? Why? Evaluation of COQ variables Prevention cost Appraisal Cost Internal Failure Cost External Failure Cost -Quality Engineering -Receiving inspection -Equipment Repair/Maintenance -Mfg. Engineering -Design Engineering -Quality Training -TSL Laboratory -Design Analysis -Product Acceptance -Mfg. Inspection -Quality Scrap -Rework -Mfg/Process Engineering -Net RMR Cost -Marketing -Mfg/Process Engineering -Repair -Travel -Liability Claims Appeared in the above table are variables that are COQ variables which Texas Instruments currently adopted and practicing variables at their sites. All of these COQ variables can be easily recognized as useful and needed components for COQ purpose. However, these variables cover only operational COQ variables. It also means that it cares only about quality related costs that emphasizes much on short term cost reducing and profit increasing matters. In addition, these way of controlling quality is easily appeared at American companies. Then, this cannot measure COQ sharply. Japanese companies’ way of looking at the quality is different from Americans’. Japanese companies’ approach to COQ is more like directing action instead of as a goal. Japanese also allocate responsibility of quality to all level of employees. This align with the concept of â€Å"Top-to-Sharp†. In addition to operational COQ variables, operational variables cannot explain all COQ, such Japanese-like strategic approach can help measuring COQ more precise. 2) Suggested Strategic COQ variables. KPI : COQ related KPI must be developed to push people toward participating in quality improvement issues.. Company-wide continuous process improvement : it should not limited to production department, should apply to all level of management for company-wide 3. What value are the four quality cost categories (prevention, appraisal, internal and external failure)? How can this information be used? There are four categories in the cost of quality as bellows. Prevention costs : Costs incurred to prevent non-conforming units from being produced. Appraisal costs : Costs incurred to ensure that materials and products that failed to meet quality standards were identified prior to shipment. Internal failure costs : Scrap costs and costs incurred in correcting errors caught at appraisal, Before delivery of the product to the customer External failure costs : Costs incurred in correcting errors after delivery of the product to the customer. Prevention costs and Appraisal costs are called â€Å"Control costs† that is incurred to prevent defective products. And â€Å"Failure costs† are costs that is incurred to correcting errors by defective products. These two categories of COQ (Control costs and Failure costs) have some correlation as below diagram. [Exhibit 1] Correlation of Quality and COQ The more defective products the larger failure costs but in that time control costs (prevention and appraisal cost) are small. The less defective products the smaller failure costs but control costs increase very highly. We cannot and do not supposed to effort to make a product`s quality â€Å"100% Perfect† because we do more effort to do that our COQ will be increased to unaffordable level. We have to find the optimal level of quality in consideration of the quality needs of customers and the costs level. Actually according to our individual experiences, if we mention cost of quality we mean â€Å"Failure cost† in most of real business. Most of control costs (prevention and appraisal cost) are not easy to account by financial measure and the amounts of it is not so large. And if we try to account the amount of control costs, the measuring costs could be larger than that. This is the reason why most company do not take into account the Control costs seriously and do not try to measure that. But we can see by 1 : 10 : 100 rules (that is.. if we invest $1 to prevention activity we can save $10 of appraisal cost and save by $100 of failure costs), by the small effort to prevent unconformity we can save huge amount of failure costs and prevent disasters. (refer to Exhibit 2) [Exhibit 2] Failure cost and process time More important point of view about â€Å"Control cost† is that the prevention activities are related with company-wide level not restricted to production related departments. If we do not account the Control cost, most of (production) indirect departments do not care about the seriousness of quality loss cost and do know the significance of their quality related activities. So, we have to adopt these COQ and using those information (and by using KPI systems related with these COQ results) let employees know the importance of quality management by each individual and involve employees to company-wide quality management. The last and most important point of view about COQ lays in the â€Å"Intangible Loss†. (refer to Exhibit 3) As we previously explained, we can account the COQ and by using that we can lead employees to quality-oriented activities and improve the level of quality. But there are many variables that is hard to accountable or unaccountable (let us call this â€Å"Intangible Loss†) These intangible loss (like loss of reputation or brand image, chilling effect of employees) is so formidable that company can go bankrupt at overnight. So, many of Japanese companies to inculcate the mindset of significance of intangible loss by quality mgt. Manual inspection cost during work in process Failure Cost (Non-Conformity Cost) Internal F-Cost  · Quality scrap  · Rework  · Reinspection / Retest  · Keeping excess inventory  · Unreported defective products External F-Cost  · Processing Customer Complaints  · Field repairs  · Recall cost / Warranty Cost  · Processing returned Goods  · Penalties  · Loss of reputation / brand image  · Chilling effect of employees  · Cancellation or cease of orders [Exhibit 3] Classifications of COQ and examples of variables * Yellow shaded parts are most fatal quality cost and could be a huge amounts. 4. What changes to the COQ system should Werner Schuele, the Vice President of People Asset Effectiveness, recommend? 1) Importance of COQ Average net profit for many companies are less than 5% of sales. COPQ (Costs Of Poor Quality) is big, usually 15~20% of sales. Total COQ on the average is 25% of sales. Some companies are as high as 40%. COPQ is usually 3 to 5 times of its profit, can be 10 times. So â€Å"Don’t let poor quality costs eat companies’ profits! † is important. If company reduces COPQ, can have higher profit for company. 2) Limitations of COQ (Traditional way) There are some limitations of COQ. For example, misunderstanding poor cost of quality drivers means not to figure out the root causes of poor quality correctly. The company put lots of efforts and money to the drivers but they could not get it properly. Additionally, there are some other limitations on process, people, measurement, culture and etc. Finally, these limitations lead unsuccessful COQ implementation. Especially, Mr. Schuele concerned that, in this case, capturing indirect COPQ costs is very important. These costs can cause considerable loss to the company; even the company can be collapsed. But it is very hard to measure and find it out. If the costs can’t be measures in numbers, then the company can’t handle and invest to reduce costs. 3) Recommendations Increasing Revenue through high quality In traditional way, companies put lot of efforts to reduce costs to maximize their profit. As time goes by, quality is getting important in market. Customers want good quality products than low quality and cheap products. Moreover, nowadays many of companies have heaps of data of customer needs. If they can make high quality products through these data and effective quality control strategy, their profit will be increased. This approach is a new profit maximization strategy. 4) Point of view The company should change a different point of view about COQ from costs to process or strategy. As successful Japanese company, company-wide efforts from teams directly related with production to indirect teams to do COQ activity constantly will be needed through processes or systems. Constant process like TQM (Total Quality Management) can be an answer. Through TQM, every direct or indirect teams or employees try to find any problems with production, even extend their effort to optimize company and their process. Therefore the company can find and improve indirect costs naturally which normally hard to find, too. Finally, Long term view will be needed for executing COQ. Short-term COQ and TQM In short term view, their process will be trapped in death spiral, like this picture. For profit, cutting budget for production leads more error, and fixing costs and low quality product. It cause total costs increase and poor profits. Long-term COQ and TQM On the other hand, long term view leads virtuous circle. Proper invest in quality improvement causes improvement of productivity and quality. Finally they will decrease in total costs and get higher profits.

3 Cases of Superfluous Wording

3 Cases of Superfluous Wording 3 Cases of Superfluous Wording 3 Cases of Superfluous Wording By Mark Nichol Certain types of words that may be of no use nevertheless often stealthily make their way into sentences like gate crashers. In conversation, to mix metaphors, they serve as pothole fillers, meaningless placeholders that allow speakers to gather their thoughts and navigate an extemporaneous statement without stumbling before the finish line, but in writing they are expendable. The discussion after each sentence below describes why one or more words in the example do not contribute to the construction of the statement; revisions demonstrate how the sentences stand just as well without the omitted words. 1. More than half of all companies are currently pursuing some form of major information-technology transformation. Currently, which echoes the present-tense verbs it invariably is associated with, is rarely necessary or helpful; retain it only if it clarifies an ambiguous statement (in which case an alternative solution is to revise the statement to eliminate the ambiguity): â€Å"More than half of all companies are pursuing some form of major information-technology transformation.† 2. Management must then determine whether or not the activities for recording, accumulating, and summarizing material information are designed and operating effectively. Some writers don’t realize that the second and third word in â€Å"whether or not† should almost always be omitted. Others know this but automatically write it without noticing or don’t know when it is valid and when it is not. However, a simple test exists- if â€Å"whether or not† can be replaced by â€Å"regardless of whether,† the usage is valid, but if the phrase can be replaced by if, â€Å"or not† is extraneous: â€Å"Management must then determine whether the activities for recording, accumulating, and summarizing material information are designed and operating effectively.† 3. We have managed projects for both healthcare providers as well as medical-device manufacturers. Sometimes the solution is revision rather than omission. For example, in this sentence, â€Å"as well as† is redundant to both, so retain one or the other, but not both: â€Å"We have managed projects for both healthcare providers and medical-device manufacturers† or  Ã¢â‚¬Å"We have managed projects for healthcare providers as well as medical-device manufacturers.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:100 Beautiful and Ugly Words10 Types of Transitions48 Writing Prompts for Middle School Kids

of mice and men lonliness essays

of mice and men lonliness essays First published in 1937, Of Mice and Men is an American based novel by John Steinbeck. George and Lennie are two ranch hands that travel together, with George watching over the mentally inferior Lennie. When they start work at a new ranch, several different characters are introduced. One affliction that seems to face several characters is loneliness, created by factors such as the characters lifestyles and by social standards of the time period. Steinbecks theme that loneliness is unhealthy and dangerous to a persons well being is unfolded throughout the novel. This underlying theme is first introduced in the novel when George talks to Lennie about the advantage they have over other workers of the time. George described how other ranch hands like themselves who traveled alone had nothing to look forward to, and no one to look after them. He told Lennie how other workers would just work up a stake and blow it at a bar because they had no where else to go, no one else to look after th em. George explained how Lennie and himself were different from those lonely workers when he said, With us it aint like that, We got a future. We got somebody to talk to that gives a damn about us. Because of Lennie and Georges relationship they are able to focus on their dream of having their own farm someday, instead of moving from ranch to ranch and wastefully spending their pay at the end of the month. Although Lennie is a burden to George, George accepts their relationship to fight his own loneliness. As he explains to Slim, I seen the guys that go around on the ranches alone. That aint no good. They dont have no fun. After a long time they get mean. They get wantin to fight all the time. George appreciates Lennies companionship because he knows that being alone can lead to negativity on life. Candy is another character who deals with loneliness. He is the oldest man on the r...

Mint Oil, Micro Bubble and Chocolate Preparation Dissertation

Mint Oil, Micro Bubble and Chocolate Preparation - Dissertation Example From this paper it is clear that  depending on the size of the micro bubbles needed, the mint oil should be placed on a simple plate with holes of certain sizes or a woven fabric. This will make the gases to follow in small and discrete packets leading to formation of bubbles. The small sized boundary conditions and edge effects of the little holes with time will prevent the gas from flowing through. The gas should also be non-reactive with the mint oil. This will lead to production of small bubbles from the mint oil. This should be carried out at the right temperature so that the different states are maintained, for example, if the temperature is too high it will affect the gas forming the micro bubbles and thus compromise the quality of the bubbles.This study discusses that  in making chocolate you will need things like cocoa powder, buffer softened at room temperature, sugar, milk, powder sugar and water. Put the cocoa powder in water then heat in a large sautà © pan. Add gar lic and stir the mixture over the heat. The sugar is then added then stirred completely until the sugar dissolves in the sugar solution. Then add water into the solution then heat until all the water is absorbed. After the absorption, what remains is chocolate. The chocolate then should be passed through a certain temperature to control its hardness. Absorption is one of the best ways of making chocolate because you can easily control the hardness or softness of the chocolate.

Campus Culture, Vision, Conflict Resolution, or Campus Improvement Essay

Campus Culture, Vision, Conflict Resolution, or Campus Improvement - Essay Example The key points in the article â€Å"Conflict Ð ¡oaching: Conflict management strategies and skills for the individual† are the two methods of solving problems which are the coercive and the noncoercive methods. It enhances the fact that, most of the conflicts come up as a result of institutions or organizations having individuals from different cultures and working towards the same goal or vision. Biasness is what causes conflicts and can either lead to improved campuses with the best vision. It brings out the notion that solving conflicts through noncoercive method is the best method. As a leader, the researcher is called to solve different conflicts that occur on campuses. Therefore, the knowledge on different types of conflicts and how to resolve them is an added advantage for my leadership skills. No biases can be involved in the process of conflict resolution. The researcher would recommend this article to all the leaders who do not know how to handle conflicting issues since it gives guidelines on how to manage a conflict through different stages and gives accurately the possible outcomes of each step carried out. The article â€Å"Continuous school improvement† talks about administration qualities which can lead to enhancing the vision of campuses. It gives direction on how to integrate different scenario in the effort of achieving the vision of an institution. The key point from the article is that all the proposed ideas must be integrated to fit into the vision of an institution. All factors must be considered for a vision to be achieved in the right manner, hence the need for integrated systems. The researcher would recommend this article to all the administrators who need tips on how to work towards a vision and achieve it. This is because; most of the ideas brought out are very handy for administrators as they look into the qualities of a good administrator and the ways administrators should handle different situations in order to ach ieve a particular goal. The article â€Å"Building the academic deanship: Strategies for success† has new ideas that campuses have not yet discovered especially in offering the best academic practices in more practical ways. The practical way of learning is the best form of getting more skilled personnel in the professional industries and work sector.

Indonesian worker in Saudi Arabia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Indonesian worker in Saudi Arabia - Essay Example Her job can hardly be considered greedy as, apart from her salary, she receives no bonuses and benefits, although if she falls ill, her employers do pay for her treatment. Furthermore, her salary is fixed and is not reviewed for increases and she works hard for ever dollar she earns. Her employers are a middle-aged Saudi couple whose children are grown up and living away from home. They are exceedingly rich and very well-connected. The husband works as an ambassador, now retired, at the Saudi Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and the wife is a member of the Saudi Royal family. The couple, contrary to the stereotypical image she had of rich Saudi Arabians, treat their staff very courteously and are very sedate. They hardly entertain anyone outside of their family, although they do go out quite frequently. Yes, it is a living wage for an Indonesian. She transfers 250USD to Indonesia every month, keeping only 50USD for herself. Of the $250 she transfers home, $100 enter her husband's account to help support the family and the rest into a savings account in her name. The 100$ that go towards household expenses are double the amount that her husband earns per month. The family relies on this money to pay for the children's schooling, their clothes, food and, if need be, medication. She saves half of her s... She transfers 250USD to Indonesia every month, keeping only 50USD for herself. Of the $250 she transfers home, $100 enter her husband's account to help support the family and the rest into a savings account in her name. The 100$ that go towards household expenses are double the amount that her husband earns per month. The family relies on this money to pay for the children's schooling, their clothes, food and, if need be, medication. 9-how/on what does this global woman spend her wages She saves half of her salary, hoping that one day she would have saved enough to buy a home. The fifty dollars which she puts aside for herself are hardly used at all since she rarely has an opportunity to go out or purchase anything. The 100$ which are spent every month, all go towards her children's expenses. 10-what is the economic situation in Indonesia and Saudi Arabia Indonesia is a developing country. Its per capita income is ranked as the 99th in the world. Inflation rates are high and well-paying job opportunities are limited. In direct comparison, Saudi Arabia is ranked as the 33rd in the world in terms of per capita income. Jobs for nationals are very well-paying and the government subsidises most services, including education and healthcare. While inflation is on the increase, salaries increase accordingly. The implication here is that even though both countries may accurately be described as developing' Saudi Arabia is in a far stronger economic position than is Indonesia. 11- explain how this woman fits into the economy of her home/host country She is an expatriate worker and this has numerous implications. In the first place it means that rather than join her domestic labour force and live her life as an

Marketing Islamic Travel Destinations A Religious Perspective Tourism Essay

Marketing Islamic Travel Destinations A Religious Perspective Tourism Essay Literature on tourism and destination marketing research is rich with key themes which seek to explain why people travel and select specific destinations. Many of the studies are based on the theory of pull and push motivations. The theory posits that tourists are pushed by internal desires or emotional factors to travel as well as pulled by external factors in the form of the attributes of various destinations. While many studies have been conducted to investigate the various types of destination attributes, there has been a lack of research on the religious attributes of the destination and its impact on tourists choice as well as satisfaction. Moreover, when it comes to Islamic religious attributes, the lack of study is more noticeable and profound. The objective of this study is to investigate whether there exists a basis for segmenting the tourism market by Islamic religious attributes through studying the views and opinions of tourists visiting Malaysia. 2. Significance of the Study The Muslim tourism segment may consider a target for destination marketers. Assuming religion represents one of important factors in the decision-making process in regards to travel destinations(Collins Tisdell, 2002), it is important to ensure that Islamic religious attributes are available in those destinations. This may lead to tourist satisfaction as well as encourage multiple return visits. Muslims are well-ordered to follow Islamic teachings which directly and indirectly impact on their decisions concerning leisure and travel plans (Hamira Henderson, 2009). In this regard plans to market destinations for Muslim tourists should be guided by Shariah (Islamic code of life) rules specifically those that pertain to tourism activities. In recent years, it has been observed that there is a growing interest in new tourism concepts such as Islamic tourism. Another concept is Halal hospitality which is akin to the concept of Halal food, a concept already recognized in many countries including those in the Middle East(WTM, 2007). Newspaper articles consider this to be a new phenomenon in the United Arab Emirates and Middle Eastern countries. Halal tourism has attracted many tour packages entirely based on what they term Islamic culture (Javed, 2007) which is defined as a type of religious tourism which is in conformity with Islamic teachings regarding behaviourisms, dress, conduct and diet (WTM, 2007). Heyers (2008) elaboration on the rapid large-scale development of Shariah-compliant hotels is but another expression of the existing trends towards increased Islamisation of activities which in the past focused more on banking, insurance and finance. Thus, tourism is generally encouraged by Islamic law as following the re ligion entails etiquettes, mannerisms, rules and regulations regarding conduct, dress, food, and prayer(Hamira Henderson, 2009). Halal tourism operators target families from the Gulf region known for their conservative interpretation of the teachings of Islamic Shariah. The World Travel Market Report (2007) shows that Halal tourism has the potential to develop into a resilient market. Promising market potentialities cause it to be targeted by industry operators and market researchers. Focus on this market is further increased by a forecasted increase in growth whereby tourist income for the Middle East is expected to grow 108% to a staggering US$ 51 billion while domestic tourism is expected to grow by 82% to reach US$24 Billion by 2011. Much of the forecasted growth is due to increased numbers of Middle Eastern tourists which underlines the need for tailored Halal tourist packages offering services catering to Muslim needs. The negative side of western tourism causing Halal tourism to be increasingly popular among Muslims is issues which have a negative impact on the Muslim community such as the consumption of alcohol, prostitution, inappropriate dressing, kissing in public and open affection between sexes in public (Sindiga, 1996). However, non-Muslim countries continue to attract Muslim families, including those from the Gulf region interested in visiting attractions such as nature parks as these comply with Islamic Shariah. In response to this the current study is an attempt to greater understand the new concept of Halal tourism. Muslims constitute a global market of 1.82 billion potential customers (Muslim population worldwide, 2009). Islamic religious attributes are bound to be very important considerations when a Muslim decides to travel abroad. Given the potential problems expected from non-Halal tourism, the Muslim tourist may decide not to travel to a particular destination due to the absence of these attributes. According to Uysal et al. (2008, p. 413) a study of a the particular attributes of any given destination would provide clues and/or insights that destination marketers could use in developing and promoting their tourism destinations. Bogari et al.(2004) claim that destination attributes and issues pertaining to Islamic culture were not sufficiently covered by researchers. In effect, the study focuses in the Islamic attributes of destinations which could be used as a base to attract Muslim tourists in destination marketing programs. The marketing of Islamic destinations is certainly not an easy task(Henderson, 2008b) because of the variance between the demands of western tourists and the Islamic teachings. Therefore, exploring Islamic attributes may help destination marketers to tailor products and services that satisfy Muslim tourists in addition to using them in promotional programs. In addition, this study attempts to offer insights into the tourism expectations and experiences of followers of the Islamic religion. Muslim tourists could be influenced by religious aspects in their destination choice. Thus, the objective of this study is to explore which Islamic attributes of destinations such as worship facilities and Halal food that may be important to the Muslim tourist; especially in the Muslim world. 3. Literature review: Religion plays a large influence on many peoples behaviour as customers (Essoo Dibb, 2004). In the context of tourism, religion may influence the choice of destination and tourists product preferences(Adi Ron, 2008). According to Poria et al. (2003), the effects of religious belief on behaviour come from two main sources First, there are the yes and nos, dos and donts of a persons religion which are to be observed. Examples consist of the religious rules prohibiting Muslims from consuming pork, or Hindus from consuming beef. The second means by which behaviour is influenced is the fact that religion shapes the culture, attitudes and values of society. This is supported by Grigg (1995) whose research provides evidence on the influence of religion and religiosity on dietary habits. Further support is found in Essoo and Dibb (2004) who demonstrated the influence of religion on consumer behaviour by identifying the differences in consumer spending between Muslims and Hindus. Although the relationship between tourism and religion has been addressed in the literature on tourism, there remains a shortage of theoretical publications in the area of tourism in the context of Islam. Religion and religiosity are acknowledged factors influencing behaviour according to various social settings. In spite of this widely acknowledged fact, research that explores relationships between religion, behaviour and tourist destination choice remains highly limited (Adi, 2006; Adi Ron, 2008; Din, 1989; Fleischer, 2000; Howe, 2001; Poria et al., 2003; Rinschede, 1992). Din (1989) argues that social scientists have tended to overlook the importance of religion in tourism studies. Its importance is emphasized by Adi and Ron (2008) who underline the general importance of the relationship between tourism and religion. For this reason Heo et al. (2004) recommend more related studies that identify and discuss special tourist requirements and preferences. Although neglecting to menti on religion specifically, Fang et al. (2008) conclude that tourists are more likely to choose destinations believed to best satisfy tourist push needs and preferred destination attributes. Studies conducted in this area include Adi (2006) which investigates the religious needs of Christian tourist in the hospitality industry and Fleischer and Nitzav (1995) which investigates the religious needs of Christian pilgrims in the tourism industry. Likewise Hoffmann (1994 Cited in Adi 2006) conducts research on Jewish ultra-orthodox tourism segment. In addition to this, some papers complement the aforementioned research by discussing the religious requirements in the tourism food sector. For example, Dugan (1994) presents the religious necessities in food supply for Muslim, Christian, Jews, Hindus and Buddhists. When it comes to the relationship between tourism and religion, particularly Islam, the lack of literature is more obvious especially regarding Islamic religious attributes and their impact on tourist needs in general and Muslim tourists in particular. The only studies available typically focus only on the needs of Muslim pilgrims (when they visit Makkah for the Haj) rather than the needs of tourists. However, Adi and Ron (2008) forecast increased number of religiously-minded tourists who join dynamic multipurpose packages especially from developing countries many of which are Muslim countries. 3.1 Religious Attributes What does the term `religious attributes of destinations really mean? There are many aspects that can constitute `religious attributes of destinations. The following sections present the literature on the matter: 3.1.1 Hotels Meeting the Religious Needs of Patrons Additional religious services and provisions in hotels may result in attracting new markets and improved hotel rates (Adi, 2006). A study in Israel conducted by Mansfeld et al. (2000) recommended placing Makkah stickers or `Qibla stickers (stickers with ornamented arrows pointing towards the city of Makkah in Saudi Arabia for prayer directions) as well as placing a copy of the Quran in every room occupied by Muslim visitors. Din (1989) found that hotels in Kuantan, Malaysia catered to Muslim needs in the hospitality industry by requiring first class hotels to provide prayer rooms fully equipped with prayer mats, the Quran, Suruh Yasin, and Tasbih, plus Qibla stickers. Adi (2006) presented a number of suggestions to improve the religion-friendliness of hotels. The suggestions begin by simply providing a bible in hotel rooms along with providing information on religious activities and institutions. This keeps religiously-minded tourists in direct contact with scripture and informed of available services. Employment of Christian workers creates a religious atmosphere in the hotel. The hotel may choose to organize its own religious activities. It should provide a place of worship within the hotel itself or be in close proximity to a church. Christian symbols within a hotel such as a cross and images of the Virgin Mary help to provide a religious environment and dà ©cor. Religious values play a role in catering to religious needs. For example, Collins-Kreiner Kliot (2000) hypothesizes the Protestants need for a bible in hotel rooms based on their belief in direct communication with God. Fleischer (2000) compares between Catholic and Protestant pilgrims in terms of the peculiarities of their tourist needs. The study reveals that Protestants appreciate religious symbols and opt for religious-sensitive tourist packages more so than Catholics. Moreover, Adi (2006) recommended catering to such Christian needs in the hotel room as that may increase the satisfaction of Christian tourists Empirical studies on the impact of catering to Islamic religious needs and the level of satisfaction of Muslim tourists are very few. Some of the studies discuss services of this nature which may include Muslim religious restrictions such as activities of vice and forbidden entry for unmarried couples (Din, 1989; Hamira Henderson, 2009; Henderson, 2003) . They also found that hotels may provide religious information such as the location of nearby mosques or prayer times and nearby Halal restaurants (Henderson, 2003). Furthermore, as Muslims avoid free mixing between the sexes, hotels could offer separate swimming pools and recreational facilities (Al-hamarneh steiner, 2004; Henderson, 2003; Timothy Iverson, 2006). Hashim et al. (2007) suggest that providing Halal food on the hotel menu or information on nearby Halal restaurants would enhance the holiday experience. Timothy and Iverson (2006) also suggest that hotels should educate their staff on cross-cultural communication to all ow them to treat Muslim tourists with respect and consider recruiting religious staff. 3.1.2 Places of worship The five daily prayers are of great importance to practicing Muslims. Therefore, the mosque (a Muslim house of worship) or prayer room is considered to be one of the most crucial facilities for Muslims (Al-hamarneh steiner, 2004; Syed, 2001). Adi (2006) suggests that proximity to a mosque may influence Muslim tourist preferences when making hotel reservations. Mohsin (2005) conducted a study to assess Peninsular Malaysians attitude towards choosing the Northern Territory of Australia for a holiday as a tourism destination and found that Muslim respondents were concerned about the availability of mosques. Mohsin and Ryan (1997) recommend that the ease of access to Islamic services are important when they explored the attitudes of Malaysian and Indonesian business people towards the possibility of holidaying in Australia. It is also suggested that Middle Eastern countries take concrete steps to develop Halal tourism internally by having prayer rooms at tourism sites (WTM, 2007). Syed (2001) also suggested that the availability of mosques at tourist destinations may increase satisfaction levels. The mosque itself may be considered as a tourist attraction if they are unique and outstanding (Henderson, 2003). 3.1.3 Availability of Halal food Dugan (1994) presented findings on food service requirements by Jews, Muslims, Hindus, Buddhists and Christians. Evidence from Browns (1996) ethnographic study shows the influence of religious prohibitions on determining their expectations regarding services provided by a hotel such as appropriate ingredient choice and preparation. This is further supported by Williams (2002) who identified the role of the Jewish Kashrus (Jewish religious requirements) in prohibiting certain foods and regulating compliance procedures for food preparation. For Muslims, the issue is centred on the concept of Halalness. Halal food refers to food that can be lawfully consumed when conditions for Islamic food preparation are met. Food that is unlawful to Muslims includes pork, pork-derived foods including lard and bacon and meat and other products from carnivorous animals or those that feed on carrion. Consumption of any food or drinks with alcoholic content is also prohibited (Dugan, 1994). One important distinguishing feature of the Halal label is that animals must be slaughtered in the name of Allah (God). There are many studies that show the importance of the availability of Halal food to Muslims in choosing their tourist destinations (Adi, 2006; Adi Ron, 2008; Mohsin, 2005; Mohsin Ryan, 1997; Syed, 2001). The importance of this to some Muslims is reflected by the fact that even when served halal food, many are still concerned over whether the food is genuinely halal. Henderson (2003) found that some firms in the Western tourism industry are concerned over this issue. Some Muslims ask about the ingredients the meal is made up of because pork and alcohol in all its many forms are forbidden. Therefore, meals which are provided to Muslim have to be alcohol and pork-free and the utensils have to be uncontaminated by these two elements (Dugan, 1994). Catering to Muslim tourists needs in terms of providing Halal food in any particular destination may increase their overall satisfaction and loyalty. Mansfeld et al. (2000) gives explicit recommendations for providing food which complies with Shariah laws. Therefore, a caterer who is aware on how to satisfy Muslims or who offers religious groups dietary needs will attract more Muslim customers (Dugan, 1994). 3.1.4 Banning of Alcohol Consumption and Gambling According to Islamic Shariah, it is completely forbidden for Muslims to drink or sell alcohol. Muslims are also prohibited from gambling and being involved in the gambling industry. It is stated in Al-Quran: O ye who believe! Intoxicants and gambling, (dedication of) stones, and (divination by) arrows, are an abomination,- of Satans handwork: eschew such (abomination), that ye may prosper. (Al-Quran, 5:90). Moreover the Prophet of Islam, Muhammad (peace be upon him) said: Alcohol is the mother of all evils and it is the most shameful of evils. (Ibn Majah, 2004). It is also not permissible for Muslims to visit places where alcohol is consumed and gambling is practiced (Al-hamarneh steiner, 2004; Din, 1989; Hamira Henderson, 2009; Hashim et al., 2007; Henderson, 2003, 2008a). Muslim countries like Saudi Arabia implement very restrictive policies related to gambling and the sale of alcohol. Other countries are not so restrictive. For example, in most states in Malaysia alcohol is freely available although Muslims can be punished for drinking in public. 3.1.5 Sexual permissiveness The Shariah expressly forbids Muslims from engaging in fornication or adultery. Activities deemed conducive to sexual permissiveness are not allowed to take place in public. This is based on many verses in The Holy Quran including like: Nor come nigh to adultery: for it is a shameful (deed) and an evil, opening the road (to other evils). (Al-Quran, 17: 32). Many Muslim scholars take the view that it is Haram or not permissible to visit, for the sake of tourism, places where sexual permissiveness is rampant. Their opinion is based on the principle that Islam came to impede all roads leading to evil. If some tourist activities result in the facilitation or the commission of sins then it is not permissible for Muslims to be involved in such tourist activities (Rasma, 2008). Most Muslim countries including Malaysia prohibit adultery. The Malaysian licensing policy prohibits prostitution and behaviours such as public or indecent displays of affection (Din, 1989; Hamira Henderson, 2009; Henderson, 2003, 2008a). Moreover, in some Malaysian towns municipal enactments for lodging establishments explicitly forbid unmarried couples from being in close proximity (Din, 1989). Many Muslim authorities frown on tourism in general due to the perception that tourism is associated with sexual permissiveness (Din, 1989). Therefore, some Muslim scholars prohibit sex tourism as practiced by some Arab Muslims from the Middle East in travelling to Europe or Bangkok (Din, 1989). What is more, using sexually provocative images in marketing tourist destinations to Muslim customers is also frowned upon. According to Shariah, promotion techniques must not use sexual appeal in international marketing (Mohammad et al., 2001). Female images are therefore not featured in tourism promotion in some Malaysian states like Terengganu (Henderson, 2003). Mohsin (2005) is of the opinion that the use of sexually provocative images of bikini-clad girls to promote a destination will not attract Muslim tourists. 3.1.6 Dress code According to Shariah Muslim women must not expose their hair and body. The Holy Quran states: O Prophet, tell your wives and daughters and the believing women to draw their outer garments around them (when they go out or are among men). That is better in order that they may be known (to be Muslims) and not annoyedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (Al-Quran, , 33: 59) Men are supposed to cover their thighs (Timothy Iverson, 2006). In deciding tour destinations, Muslims look at the local dress codes in that particular region of the world being considered. Such considerations are to gauge the level of conformity to Islamic dress norms in order to determine if they will or will not be comfortable visiting that particular destination. This is particularly so for Arab tourists who have to observe strict dress codes in their native countries and prefer not to expose themselves and families to environments that may threaten their sense of proper dressing. Hashim et al (2007) demonstrates the Malaysian Tourist Boards awareness of Islamic dress sensitivities by restricting their marketing campaigns to present only traditional Malay Muslim dress codes. Women with headscarves and men wearing Songkoks-a black rimless hat worn by Malay men usually for praying-were depicted on advertising billboards and home pages. Some conservative Malaysian states enforce appropriate dress norms prohibiting people from disturbing cultural norms by wearing revealing clothes such as bikinis. Furthermore, western tourists are expected to adorn the Islamic attire when visiting religious places like mosques (Henderson, 2003). Hamira and Henderson (2009) claim that Shariah laws prohibit improper dressing. Al-Hamarneh and Seiner (2004) assert that considerations of the religious conservatism of any particular region including prescribed dress codes should be respected. Such cultural considerations are expected more so of tourism operators in all aspects of the tourism industry as they are interacting directly and regularly with foreign tourists (Adi Ron, 2008). 4. Methodology The objective of this study is to explore Islamic religious attributes which may be important to Muslim travellers. In order to achieve this objective, focus group discussions (FGD) were conducted and were followed up with interviews to explore opinions and travel experiences in more depth. This combination of the FGD and the interviews has its advantages. Firstly, in identifying a range of Islamic religious attributes from the FGD. Secondly, to explore in depth, by conducting interviews using a relatively wide range of participants in order to discover more Islamic attributes and to check the conclusions with the FGD (Morgan, 1996). The FGD and the interviews are research techniques pertaining to qualitative research (Myers, 2009, p. 121). The aim of the FGD is to collect information through group interaction but the interview is considered an opportunity to discover new information from individuals (Cavana, Delahaye, Sekaran, 2008, p. 138). Semi-structured questions were designed in this study for the purpose of conducting interviews and focus group discussions. Semi-structured questions were designed in this study for the purpose of conducting interviews and focus group discussions. The participants were asked about the Islamic attributes they would require when traveling in a Muslim country or a non Muslim country. They were then asked specifically about these attributes when visiting Muslim countries. This was followed by probing questions that sought to explore in detail specific attributes generated from FGDs such as access to worship facilities, availability of Halal food, services provided in hotels, and morality. Two focus group discussions were conducted in June 2009. The participants of these focus groups were international PhD students currently studying in Malaysia in different areas of research. The participants of FGD1 consisted of eight males from Saudi Arabia, Palestine, Mauritania, Oman, Jordan, Yemen, Egypt and Sudan. The duration of FGD1 was one and a half hours. The participants of FGD 2 consisted of seven females from Egypt, Libya, Yemen, Nigeria, Oman, Turkey, and Algeria. The duration of FGD 2 was one hour and fifteen minutes and the participants did not agree to record the session digitally. The reason for this may be culturally related. All FGD participants had overseas travel experience for various purposes such as tourism, business, learning, and visiting friends. A total of 53 interviews were conducted with tourists in Kuala Lumpur, the capital city of Malaysia; 27 interviews in July 2009 and 26 interviews in October 2009. Thirty of the interviewees were males, and twenty three were females. Only those who professed to be Muslims were selected. 38 tourists did not accept to be interviewed. The duration of most interviews was between 35 to 45 minutes. 41 interviews were recorded digitally. The rest were unable to be recorded due to objections from the interviewees who were females from the Middle East. The interviewer transcribed both the FGDs as well as all interviews session. Some interviewees from the Middle East preferred to communicate in Arabic while the rest were conducted in English. The interviewer adopted the probing technique during the session to encourage the participants to provide more details. Some demographic information was also gathered. The digital recording of the interviews was changed into text. The data was organized fo r easy categorization and systematic data analysis. 5. Findings Results of the analysis were categorized into two major aspects which are tangible and intangible. The tangible aspect consists of Islamic religious facilities such as, worship facilities, Halal food, and Islamic recreational facilities: (A)Prayer facilities: Mosque: all interviewees were concerned about the availability of Mosques (Masjid) or prayer rooms for their tourist destination. Easy access to a mosque/prayer room is considered a vital aspect for Muslim tourists and should not be ignored by tourism planning but should be considered a necessary service. This can be shown in the following response: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Masjid or prayer room must be available in the streets and public places. In other words, a prayer room should be available in all places which I may visit in the destination such as hotels, shopping malls, and airports. Even in the airplane to destination, it should allocate a place for prayer. (FGD No. 1) Masjid is available in most of the places in the destination during my journey, in shopping malls, highwaysà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ and of course in the hotel. (Int. No.1, USA) It is noticed from the previous responses that Muslim tourists expect easy access to a Masjid and/or prayer room to be a primary requirement in Muslim countries. They also highlighted that they expect to find prayer facilities readily accessible during tourist activities. Islamic call (Azan) for prayer: 31 interviewees were concerned about the need for public calling of the Azan (prayer time). Destination operators should provide information about Muslim prayer times. 17 interviewees recommended a prayer time call during flights or journeys to their destinations, hotels, shopping malls and parks. Some also requested prayer time clocks (which ring with each prayer time) or a prayer timetable in the hotel room. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ I need also Prayer time call in the airplane, airport, hotel or at least prayer timetable in hotel room. (Int.No.2, Canada) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Prayer timetable or Alfajr clock (Prayer time clock brand) should be found in hotel room. (Int.No.4, Saudi Arabia). In Islam Muslims should pray five times daily but they are permitted to merge and shorten the prayers while travelling according to the length of the journey and other Islamic legal rules and requirements. As such, the participants preferred that they be reminded about prayer times in order that they may choose between praying at the usual times or merge them. Quran and Qiblah direction pointer: all interviewees emphasized the importance of the provision of Qurans and Qiblah direction pointers in hotel rooms. Some proposed that one or two simple Islamic books to be provided in hotel rooms and in aeroplane seat pockets. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦It will be fine if I find Quran book in hotel room, some Islamic leaflets in the airplane seat pocket, Makkah direction pointer, Sejadda for prayer (prayer mat), simple Islamic book in hotel room à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (FGD No. 1) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦I need the Holy Quran book inside the hotel room, some Islamic books which I can read; I dont want any statue or sculpture like a Buddhist. I found that in India when I was there. Also direction of Qibla is important to meà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (Int. No.15, Djibouti) The Quran is the Holy book for Muslims. Muslims are requested to read the Holy Quran. Although most of Muslims have a soft copy of the Quran on their hand phones, the hard copy represents the preferable option for reading. Moreover, the Makkah direction pointer is a basic demand of Muslims as they perform their prayers elsewhere even though in public places. Some hotel industry practitioners, even some hotels in non Muslim countries, already provide Qiblah pointers inside their hotel rooms but some participants report that they did not find it in some hotels in Muslim countries. Muslim toilets: 36 interviewees who have travelled to western destinations complained about the bath room because they could not perform ablution (Muslim mandatory washing before performing prayers). There is no such facility inside airport toilets and hotels. Therefore, they requested Muslim toilets to be provided in all airports, hotels and public places. Muslim toilet is very important in airport because the regular toilets provide only tissue. As Muslims, we need water supply inside the toilet. It should be found in public places because in the hotel you can find water but in public it is difficult. (Int. No.14, Thailand) I will be very happy if I find à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ and Bidet in the bathroom (Int. No.2, Canada). Muslim followers must do ablution before prayers. They are required to clean themselves with water when using the toilet. Some countries adopt modern toilet designs which do not enable users to wash themselves using water; providing only tissue. However, some Muslim countries have modified this style and have adopted a Muslim design for their bathrooms which provide water. From previous participant responses, they find it satisfying when water facilities are made available in toilets. (B)Halal food: all interviewees reported that the availability of Halal food is a basic need for all destinations. It is noticed that all interviewees need Halal meals in flights to their destination. Moreover, they recommended that hotels and restaurants in the destination should provide Halal meals free from pork and alcohol. Some of them were worried about the preparation of Halal meals. Seven interviewees highlighted that the kitchen should also be Halal which means that Halal and non-Halal foods cannot be cooked together in the same kitchen and with the same utensils. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ I need Halal food to be available. The mosques and Halal food restaurants, mostly they are close to each other. Last week, I was in Cambodia. Once I was close to the Masjid I found Halal restaurants. (Int. No.13, Turkey) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Some hotels, in breakfast they provide Halal food and non-Halal food from the same kitchen that means the Halal and non Halal food are cooked together using the same facilities. I need Halal kitchen. Moreover, some Arabian tourists cant read English so they eat non-Halal meat. (Int. No.12, Egypt) The travel experiences of some participants highlighted that easy to find Halal food is one factor in choosing the destination for their vacation. Some are very sensitive regarding Halal issues and go well beyond Halal labels. They want to make sure the meat and ingredients used in cooking are Halal and do this by usually asking the service providers. On top of this they also ask whether the kitchen is Halal or not. In response to this some hotels in Malaysia allocate two kitchens; Halal and non-Halal. (C)Islamic entertainment: 39 interviewees gave high priority to finding Islamic-oriented recreations s

antitrust :: essays research papers

Antitrust laws protect competition, which is said to benefit consumers with better products at lower prices. The U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ) and attorney generals from 20 states has filed antitrust lawsuits against Microsoft Corporation (Microsoft), the world's largest supplier of computer software for personal computers (PCs) in the United States. Microsoft is accused of allegedly violating sections 1 and 2 of The Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890. Section 1 of the Sherman Act outlaws â€Å"every contract, combination†¦, or conspiracy, in restraint of trade." The Supreme Court has since then decided that the Sherman Act prohibits only those contracts or agreements that restrain trade unreasonably. What kinds of agreements are unreasonable is up to the courts. Section 2 of the Sherman Act makes it unlawful for a company to "monopolize, or attempt to monopolize," trade or commerce. As that law has been interpreted, it is not necessarily illegal for a company to have a monopoly or to try to achieve a monopoly position. The law is violated only if the company tries to maintain or acquire a monopoly position through tactics that either unreasonably exclude firms from the market or significantly impair their ability to compete. The DOJ feels that Microsoft has a monopoly in the field of personal computer operating systems (OSs) and that they are engaging in anticompetitive conduct. Microsoft's "Windows" operating systems are used in over 80% of PCs. More than 90% of new PCs are shipped with a version of Windows pre-installed. According to the DOJ," PC manufacturers have no commercially reasonable alternative to Microsoft operating systems for the PCs that they distribute." Other firms do exist in the operating system market for example, IBM, Oracle, Sun Apple, AT&T, Hewlett Packard, Wang, Be, Linux, Dec, Gem, and others. These firms may only have 10-20% of the market share for PC's operating systems but they do have some share of the market. This proves that Microsoft is not the only seller of operating systems as the DOJ claims. The DOJ's complaint states that, "To protect its valuable Windows monopoly against potential competitive threats, and to extend its operating system monopoly into other software markets, Microsoft has engaged in a series of anticompetitive activities. Microsoft's conduct includes agreements tying other Microsoft software products to Microsoft's Windows operating system; exclusionary agreements precluding companies from distributing, promoting, buying, or using products of Microsoft's software competitors or potential competitor; and exclusionary agreements restricting the right of companies to provide services or resources to Microsoft's software competitors or potential competitors.

King Leopolds Ghost Essay

Between 1880 and 1920, the population of the Congo was slashed in half: some ten million people were victims of murder, starvation, exhaustion, exposure, disease, and a plummeting birth rate. Why do you think this massive carnage has remained virtually unknown in the United States and Europe? During all this death there was only a few who would go down into the Congo because of all its dangers. So with hardly anyone already going down there and those who did brave the dangers would usually come back insane from a disease of some sort, there was just not enough evidence to prove how bad it was really getting even with those who made it out fine. There was also no communication possible only by mail and considering the dangers no persons would risk their life to take a letter to and from the jungle. So how can you, with not enough brave people to go down there, get the information out to the world. But even those who got it out and tried to spread the word would be persecuted for saying such things because nobody wanted to help them because that would put their life in danger. No one in their right mind would even venture down to that part of Africa. So with no phones, pagers, computers, or mail to get the word out and sickness and animals killing most that went down there. Even those who go looking for these camps cannot usually find them because there in rural eras of the jungle which, for some, are impossible to attain. There was just no possible way to get word out to the rest of the world to get help. Now even with all the technology to find and go to them we still don’t hear much of them. We have all the vaccines to fight off all the disease and help the dying people in Africa. So even though we have all that still not much people want to help because they are caught up in the world they are living in and nothing else matters until they get what they need and want. The human race is selfish and only looks out for themselves. Question 6 The European conquest and plunder of the Congo and the rest of Africa was brutal, but so was the European settlement of North America and, long before that, the conquest of most of European by the Romans. Hasn’t history always proceeded in this way? Well yea, history has a way of repeating itself. Nothing only happens one time in history. There is always going to be those crazy Hitler type people out there and those who go power drunk and take over their country and then try to take over the world. And yes, whenever you go exploring a new place it’s going to be difficult. Have you ever heard someone say’ â€Å"I went exploring a new continent and it was easy. † There is so much that goes into exploration. You need tools, maps, guides, protection from animals and natives. Pretty much anything new you do is not going to be easy for you to do. Anything you do needs time, practice, and plans, but most important in needs to be organized. If nothing was organized the world would be in chaos. So yes history has and will be forever keep repeating itself to keep balance and stability to the world. It will always have its ups and always have its downs. It doesn’t matter who or what you do to try and prevent it. God has established the status quo and there is nothing anyone can do about it. Question 13 Hochschild quotes Roger Casements as insisting to Edmond Morel’s â€Å"I do not agree with you that England and America are the two great humanitarian powers †¦ [they are] materialistic first and humanitarian only a century after. † What evidence supports or refuses Casement’s judgment? Would Casement be justified in making the same statement today? Now back in that time we were more of a humanitarian country because first of all we didn’t have all the same technology we did today. Second we were pretty much a new country and we were trying to make a good name for us. Then third we went to war for other which was no cause of our own and all we did was help out less fortunate countrys than us. See now during this time it is a little different. We have all sorts of distractions. We have technology, we have more murder, and we are being more protective of our people. We use to go to war for no cause just to help out but now when we are attacked we don’t want to go to war. So you can say we are and have been a little of both the whole time. Back then we went to war to help people now we are sending missionaries to camps around the world to help people. But in the end let’s hope that we become more

Beatles essays

Beatles essays John, Paul, George, and Ringo formed a group known as the Beatles. They were one the first British rock group of consequence to influence not only American culture but Western culture as well. Me- Im conservative. I feel I need to check things. I was the last to try pot and LSD and floral clothes. Im slower than John, the least likely to succeed in class(http://members.tripod.com/beatlefanatic_2/beathistory.html). Coming from the Liverpool underclass, they were drawn to the rock and roll and rhythm and blues music that celebrated the life of the common man. Elvis, the Man who came before them, symbolized the classless society in America where a poor man can become a king. In the beginning, the Beatles learned their music by copying the American music they loved. As they gained popularity they were commercialized and formed by music promoters. Finally, they developed their skills and style to express themselves and define their own image. It is at this point that The Beatles evolved to become a dominant influence on the Cultural Revolution that began in the 1960s. The later Beatles music would scream the painful song of an abandoned child. John Lennon who was raised in a middle class home in Liverpool, England was the original Beatle. John was abandoned by his parents at a very young age. His father, Alfred Lennon, left the family first after a short, unhappy marriage to Julia Stanley. Later, Julia left John with her sister Mimi Smith to raise when she remarried. After that marriage ended in divorce, she returned to live with John. Unfortunately, this reunion did not last long. The ultimate abandonment occurred when Johns mother died after being hit by a car on Menlove Avenue. Years later John said about his mothers death, It was the worst thing that happened to me. Wed caught up so much, me and Julia. In just a few years. We could communicate. We got on. She was great... That...

Relates Great Expectations to fictional experiences in real life

Relates Great Expectations to fictional experiences in real life Great ExpectationsGreat Expectations, authored by Victorian novelist Charles Dickens, is considered one of his finest works of literature. It was indicative of Dickens's strong feelings for injustices and poor conditions committed on women and children of that time. Through the main character, Pip, Dickens's demonstrated the compassion he felt for children. Most readers, like myself, are able to associate Pip's experiences with their own. Pip endeavored upon many things that I can see myself doing.From the beginning of the novel Pip had felt an impending feeling of guilt. It is a common theme in Great Expectations and is one that I have felt numerous times before. In one instance, my friends and I were at a party playing with a water balloon launcher shooting balloons down the street. My neighbors had just put in a new set of porch windows that were quite expensive. With a slight aiming misalignment we broke a window and had to confess to my neighbor and give her our apologies.Englis h: "We sat down on a bench that was near" by...Pip, however, had the guilt weighed on his conscience forever-he did not have the courage to tell Mrs. Joe that he had taken a pork pie that was for Christmas dinner. Mrs. Joe only made it harder for Pip when she asked, 'And were the deuce ha' you been?' (page 20). Pip had to make a moral judgment about whether or not to tell the truth about what he did and is challenged with many more of these decisions throughout the book.Pip was later introduced to Estella, Ms. Havisham's adopted daughter, whom was taught to pursue retribution on all of the male population for her 'mother'. Pip became easily infatuated with Estella's good looks, money, and attitude. Estella considered Pip to be common and pointed out the...

Tax Accountant Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Tax Accountant - Essay Example Being perfect in mathematics I am keenly interested in this profession. As description, a tax accountant prepares both business and personal tax returns as well; and by calculating appreciation or depreciation the accountant maintain client property records. In addition, as Fitch (2007) states, a tax accountant carries out research in areas of tax law and regulations to recommend changes in accounting practices to reduce tax liability. Not only that, a tax accountant prepares special tax reports and represents the organization /firm at tax hearings (p. 78). So to be clear with all these responsibilities I need to communicate with clients regarding all tax issues, review and monitor the work of junior accountants and interns. As we know that taxation is an always changing field so I would concentrate my work in a particular area. From the above, we can see that different doors open to excel in this field. My strategy through this career would be to become an entrepreneur and open own tax accounting practice. The services would include assistance for the preparation of the annual tax forms for individuals and businesses in addition to advising services in business and personal finance to ensure clients the best possible tax savings and other advantages. This would be useful to rise up the business and to fetch out the skills essential to survive in cut throat competition. Hence, to fulfill my long term plan I am willing to take employment within a large and well established enterprise. Mostly, large organizations, particularly within the financial services industry, a team of accountants are employed exclusively for preparing and recording the firms taxes. According to me, advancing within a field or organization is a better and fruitful choice rather than changing fields. The prominent reason is that I can gain experience and

Aqua Resources To List On London Stock Exchange Research Project Paper

Aqua Resources To List On London Stock Exchange Project - Research Paper Example In a quest to diversify its portfolio, Aqua resources limited made several investments in subsidiaries such as Aqua Resources (In-Pipe) Holdings Limited, Aqua Resources Asia Holdings Limited, an exempt company incorporated in the Cayman Islands formed in October 2008 and Cooperative Aqua Netherlands Holdings UA, a Dutch co-operative company formed on 22 March 2010. In the company’s short life at the London Stock Exchange, the most significant decision was the tender offer toJPMorgan Private Equity Limited where the company sold out its ordinary shares to 29.9%. This resulted in less than 25% of ordinary shareholding in the public which formed a clear basis for its delisting from the stock exchange market. Table of Contents ABSTRACT 1 List of Tables 3 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 4 1.1Background of the Study 4 1.2 Justification 5 1.3 Objectives 5 Specific objectives 5 1.4 Hypothesis 5 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 6 2.1 Process of application for listing on LSE 7 2.2 Aqua Resources P erfomance 8 2.3 Risks relating to investments in water 9 2.3.1 Challenging six months and possible merger with other funds   12 2.3.2 Collapse in share price of China Hydroelectric Corporation 13 3.0 METHODOLOGY 17 In this event study we shall use the Capital Asset Pricing Method to calculate the abnormal returns of the investments made by Aqua Resources Fund for the period between 2008-2012. Basically the abnormal return refers to the excess returns on the expected returns realized from an investment. Theassumptions underlying the CAPM are: 17 3.2 Summary of significant accounting policies 21 iv.1RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 22 4.1 Procedure for calculation of Abnormal Return 22 Step 1 22 Step 2 22 Step 3 22 Step 4 22 24 5.0 LIMITATIONS AND FURTHER RESEARCH 24 6.0 CONCLUSION 25 Bibliography 26 List of Tables Figure 1Analysis of movements in NAV for the year ended 31 December 2011 (in â‚ ¬) 20 Figure 2: The Company ended the year with liquid funds of approximately â‚ ¬4 million, r epresenting approximately 6.9% of its net assets. 20 Figure 3: Share price performance of the company 23 Figure 4: Assets at unaudited fair value at period end 23 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study Aqua Resources Fund Limited was incorporated on 12 June 2008 as a closed-ended investment fund in the water resources sector with limited liability under The Companies (Guernsey) Law, 1994 as amended. The Company was established pursuant to the framework introduced by the Guidance Document issued by the Guernsey Financial Services Commission. The company’s investment manager is FourWinds Capital Management which has the responsibility for the discretionary management of its assets with a proven track record of generating returns and managing risk across natural resources investments including water-related assets The company had a subsidiary called Ranhill Water Technologies (Cayman) Limited. RWT was a fully integrated water and waste water company with in-house ex pertise in design, construction and operations of water and wastewater plants across a number of Asian countries. Other subsidiaries of the company include: Aqua Resources (In-Pipe) Holdings Limited (â€Å"ARIHL†), a Guernsey limited company formed in August 2009; Aqua Resources Asia Holdings Limited, an exempt company incorporated in the Cayman Islands formed in October 2008; and Cooperative Aqua Netherlands Holdings UA, a Dutch co-operative company formed on 22 March 2010. 1.2 Justification This study focusses