Typical and Atypical Antipsychotic Drugs

Question: Discuss about the Typical and Atypical Antipsychotic Drugs. Answer: Introduction Mental health refers to the state of health whereby an individual is able to identify their potential, cope with the lifes challenges, and have the ability to execute their duties fruitfully (World Health Organization, 2014). According to Australian Bureau of Statistics (2013), most Australians of age between 16 and 85 have experienced some form of mental health issue at some point in their life. Schizophrenia is the main mental issue, which affects an individuals behaviors, thoughts, and perception. According to Barker (2009), about 1 in 100 people develop this illness and out of the total Australian population, 285, 000 people are suffering from schizophrenia. The paper will discuss on the psychiatric, family and social history, mental health assessment, and finally, the paper will look at the available interventions Family and Social History Andy is 21 years of age. He is in his final year in university where he shares a room with his friends. Andy is going through a worrying experience. His family practitioner refers him to a psychiatrist. Andy feels that his friend are out to hurt him. He feels that his friends have put some stuff in his brain, which is scheming his thoughts. He is scared getting out of the room and his appetite is deteriorating as he is thinking that his friends are putting poison in his food. Andy has symptoms of persecutory, insertion, hallucinations, and third person auditory. There are no record of personal histories like family history, his development, and childhood environment that would expose him to mental illness. However, he has an history of using drugs like weed and cannabis. Andy agrees to consume a large volume of weed daily with his friends. Andy visits his parents quite often and her mother is concerned with his condition who together with the family practitioner refer him to the psychiatrist. Andy is willing to get help as he does not want to worry his parents. Andys personal hygiene is up to standard despite being unshaved. His weight and height are normal. His body posture is appropriate and he appeared tidy and well-groomed. However, he looked worried and confused. Andy had poor eye contact and appeared restless. He was not coordinating between non- verbal and verbal communication Andy is anxious and worried as he thinks his friends are after him. For instance, he is saying that his friends are putting poison in his food. He confirms that he has had suicidal thought and at one point he wanted o have a drug overdose. In addition, he had homicidal ideation, he had a baseball bat and a knife in his bag to protect himself. Andy did not express any form of perceptual disturbance lie illusions, derealisation, and depersonalization, However, Andy had a third party auditory. For instance, he was hearing his roommates plotting to hurt him. There are no physical evidence of inadequate cognition disorder as he seemed conscious and alert. Judgment and insight Andy had a poor state of insight and insight as he blames M15 for what is happening to him, however, his judgment state was still intact as he was ready to receive treatment. Andy was at risk as he is reported to use illicit drugs like weed. In addition, his actions of keeping a baseball bat and a knife in his bag and drug overdose increase the risk of suicide and homicide. Andy is going through symptoms of hallucinations, delusions, and schizophrenia. Andy also appears to have suicidal and homicidal thoughts. He has a supportive mother and family doctor and he is willing to receive treatment. Through the manifested symptoms and signs of hallucinations, delusions, and negative thoughts, Andy could be diagnosed with schizophrenia. According to Granholm, Holden, Link, McQuaid (2014), when an individual presents one or two of the symptoms of hallucinations, catatonic behavior, delusions, disorganized speech, and negative symptoms for a time of one month or more, they should be diagnosed with schizophrenia (Kasckow, Felmet Zisook, 2011). It is imperative to manage psychotic disorders like schizophrenia because of the hallucinations and delusions, which affect the patients normal functioning. In this case, the care plan for this disorder will entail a nursing, psychosocial, and medical intervention (Keltner, Bostrom McGuinness, 2011). The clinical issue is schizophrenia and the goal is to ease the symptoms of the condition through the use of anti-psychotic drugs (Kuipers, Udechuku, Taylor Kendall, 2014). In this case, the drugs is to alleviate the negative symptoms of the disorder lie hallucinations, delusions, and negative thoughts (Haddad, Brain Scott, 2014). Some of the most effective medicines that the patient can use to alleviate his symptoms include the First Generation Anti-psychotics like chlorpromazine and haloperidol, which block postsynaptic receptor (Evans, Nizette O'Brien, 2016). The second medication are the Second Generation Anti-psychotics lie quetiapine, olanzapine, and clozapine, which minimize symptoms of emotional blunting, avolition, and withdrawals. Brown Gray (2015) suggests that, the efficiency of treatment is achieved by a strict adherence to the medication, which can be done through the cooperation of family members and the healthcare providers to improve medication follow ups. The clinical issue is delusions and the primary goal is to enhance insight.. in the case of Andy, he needs a Cognitive Behavior therapy (CBT), which is suitable in the initial stages of his recovery (Elder, Evans Nizette, 2009). CBT influences the patient positively by improving their thinking and behaviors, thus improving the quality of life. Further, it is reported that Andy has a history of social isolation. Social skills can be tried on him in order to modify him to be social. Schizophrenia is chronic disorder, which affects the patients quality of life (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). In Andys case, it is diagnosed that he has a self-directed or other directed risk as he thinks the environment he is in is threatening. The goal for the nursing intervention is to ensure he patient does harm others or himself. In this case, the client should be referred to engage with the social network in order to maintain a good relationship with others. Some of the activities that can be used to achieve social networks include crafts, arts, and encouraging the patient to be part of a group (Kneisl Trigoboff, 2013). Conclusion Schizophrenia has no cure. In this case adherence and approach to the pharmacological management of the illness is essential. These can be done along with the nursing and psychosocial interventions in order to reduce relapse. Therefore, a holistic approach is key in the management of schizophrenia. References American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th Ed). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association. Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS). (2013). 1301.0 - Year Book Australia, 200910. Retrieved from https://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Lookup/1301.0Chapter11082009%E28 %9310 Barker, P. (2009).Psychiatric and mental health nursing: The craft of caring(2nd ed.). London: Hodder Arnold.Beyondblue. (2017). Stats and facts. Retrieved from https://www.youthbeyondblue.com/footer/stats-and-facts Brown, E., Gray, R. (2015). 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